Tuesday 1 August 2023

INFINITIVES and GERUNDS

INFINITIVES and GERUNDS

Verbന്റെ base form അഥവാ V1 ആണ് infinitive എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നത്. Learn, teach, play, help, walk  തുടങ്ങിയവയൊക്കെ infinitive ആണ്. Infinitive രണ്ടുതരമുണ്ട്: bare infinitive, to-infinitive. Learn, teach, play മുതലായവ bare infinitive എന്നും ഇവക്കു മുന്നില്‍ to ചേര്‍ന്നു വരുന്ന to learn, to teach, to play മുതലായവ to-infinitive എന്നും അറിയപ്പെടുന്നു.

To-infinitive

*വാക്യത്തിന്റെ subject ആയി ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു:

        To err is human.

*വാക്യത്തിന്റെ കര്‍മ്മമായും (object) ഉപയോഗിക്കാറുണ്ട്:

I would like to have cornflakes for breakfast.

*വാക്യത്തിന്റ അര്‍ത്ഥപൂര്‍ത്തീകരണത്തിനായും (complement of sentence) ഉപയോഗിക്കാം:

His goal was to become a well known writer.

To-infinitiveന്റെ കൂടെ not ചേര്‍ക്കുമ്പോള്‍ toവിനു മുന്നില്‍ ചേര്‍ക്കുന്നു: 

She decided not to help him.

Bare infinitive

* Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, needn't, daren't, do, does, did എന്നീ സഹായകക്രിയകള്‍ക്കു (auxiliary verbs) ശേഷം bare infinitive ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു:

My sister can teach you English.

You should obey your parents and teachers.

*Bid, had better, would rather, let, make, help, see, hear, watch തുടങ്ങിയവക്കുശേഷം bare infinitive ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു:

        You had better learn English before going to       London.

        I would rather go by train than by bus.

       The child latched onto his mother, unwilling to let her go.

She made me drink some wine.

[make, passive voiceലേക്ക് മാറുകയാണെങ്കില്‍ to-infinitive ഉപയോഗിക്കണം: I was made to drink some wine.]

I'd like to see her remain hale and hearty for years yet.

I heard him sing a lovely song.

We watched her dance.

But, except, save, than എന്നിവക്കുശേഷവും bare infinitive ഉപയോഗിക്കാറുണ്ട്:

He would rather play than work.

Gerund

-ingയിലവസാനിക്കുന്ന ക്രിയകള്‍ (verbs) നാമങ്ങളായി (nouns) ഉപയോഗിക്കുമ്പോഴാണ് അവയെ gerunds അഥവാ verbal nouns എന്നു വിളിക്കുന്നത്.

Smoking cigarettes is not permitted in the  restaurant.

Walking and swimming are good exercises.

*ഇവിടെ Smoking, Walking and swimming എന്നീ gerunds ഉപയോഗിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത് കര്‍ത്താവ് (subject) ആയാണ്.

അതുപോലെ, കര്‍മ്മം (object) ആയും ഉപയോഗിക്കാം:

I enjoy working as a volunteer during summer.

We hate cleaning the house. 

*Prepositionനുശേഷവും gerund വരും:

I am fond of playing Scrabble.

*വാക്യത്തിന്റെ അര്‍ത്ഥപൂര്‍ത്തീകരണത്തിന് am, is, are, was, were എന്നീ ക്രിയകള്‍ക്കുശേഷം ഉപയോഗിക്കാറുണ്ട്:

One of his duties is attending meetings.

*Phrasal verbsനു ശേഷവും gerund വരുന്നുണ്ട്: 

Two years ago he gave up smoking?

ചില phrasal verbs അവസാനിക്കുന്നത് toവില്‍ ആയിരിക്കും. ഉദാഹരണം: look forward to. ഇവിടെ to വന്നതിനാല്‍ നാം പതിവുപോലെ ക്രിയയുടെ base form വെച്ചുപോവും. അപ്പോള്‍ look forward to meet എന്നാവും നാം എഴുതുക. എന്നാല്‍ ഓര്‍ക്കുക. ഇത്തരം ചില phrasal verbsല്‍ വരുന്ന to, to-infinitiveന്റെ ഭാഗമായ to അല്ല; മറിച്ച് to എന്ന preposition ആണ്. Prepositionനുശേഷം gerund ആണ് വരിക. ഇത്തരത്തിലുള്ള സാധാരണമായ ചില വാക്കുകള്‍ ഇതാ:

look forward to: She looked forward to talking to her daughter by phone.

be used to: He's not used to driving on the lefthand side of the road!

be accustomed to: I'm not accustomed to getting up so early.

oppose to: I am opposed to increasing taxes.

addicted to: I am addicted to watching movies on TV.

committed to: She is committed to improving the education system.

devoted to: Mother Theresa devoted her life to helping the poor.

object to: He objects to spending so much money on a T.V.

confess to: He confessed to killing his nextdoor neighbour.

with a view to: Abraham bought the big house with a view to opening a hotel.

ഇത്തരം phrasal verbs പലപ്പോഴും പരീക്ഷകളില്‍ വന്നിട്ടുണ്ടെന്ന കാര്യം ഓര്‍ക്കുക.

ഇനി പറയുന്ന ക്രിയകളെ സൂക്ഷിക്കുക. ഇവക്കുശേഷം gerund ആണ് വരിക:

admit: He admitted cheating on the test.

anticipate: I anticipated arriving late.

avoid: He avoided talking to her.

can't help: He can't help talking so loudly.

complete: He completed renovating the house.

consider: She considered moving to Mumbai.

delay: He delayed doing his taxes.

deny: He denied committing the crime.

discuss: We discussed working at the company.

dislike: She dislikes working after 5 PM.

enjoy: I enjoy playing Scrabble.

imagine: He imagines working there one day.

keep: The judge kept nodding in agreement.

mention : He mentioned going to that college.

mind: Do you mind lending me your bike for two days?

postpone: He postponed publishing her novel.

recommend: We strongly recommend reporting the incident to the police.

resent: She bitterly resents being treated like achild.

resist: The bank strongly resisted cutting interest rates.

risk: They knew they risked being arrested.

suggest: She suggested going out for a walk.

tolerate: She refused to tolerate being called a liar.

Gerundനു മുന്നില്‍ pronoun വരികയാണെങ്കില്‍ അത് possessive adjective ആയിരിക്കണം:

Do you mind my asking you one more question?

[Do you mind me asking you one more question? എന്ന് എഴുത്തില്‍ ഉപയോഗിക്കരുത്. സംസാരത്തില്‍ ഉപയോഗിക്കാറുണ്ട്.]

Gerund എന്നത് നാമത്തിന്റെ സ്ഥാനം വഹിക്കുന്ന വാക്കാണ്. നാമത്തിനു മുന്നില്‍ നാം me എന്ന വാക്കുപയോഗിക്കാറില്ല. Me pen എന്നല്ല, my pen എന്നാണ് നാം പറയുക. ഇതുപോലെത്തന്നെയാണ് gerundനു മുന്നിലും pronoun ഉപയോഗിക്കേണ്ടത്.

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

1. I remember ...................... the letter last month. 

a) post b) posting 

c) to post d) to posting 

2. I'm not used ...................... English newspapers. 

a) to read b) read 

c) reading d) to reading 

3. I used ...................... to the library frequently. 

a) go b) to go 

c) going d) to going 

4. Mr Gopi, I regret ...................... you that your credit limit has exceeded. 

a) inform b) to inform 

c) informing d) to informing 

5. I wanted to stop ...................... some presents, but we didn't have enough time. 

a) buy b) to buy 

c) buying d) to buying 

6. Look, it's starting ......................  

a) rain b) to rain 

c) raining d) to raining 

7. We are looking forward ...................... our friends next week.

        a) to see         b) to seeing

c) see d) seeing

8. In addition to ...................... him, I gave him five thousand rupees.

a) advising b) advise

c) me advising d) to advise

9. You'll get used ...................... early morning walks. It does wonderful things to your health.

a) to take b) to taking

c) take d) taking

10. He was devoted ...................... English for several years.

a) to study b) to studying

c) study d) studying

11. She is so fat! But she can't help ...................... 

a) to eat b) eating

c) to eating d) eat

12. Would you mind ................ her with you?

a) to bring b) bring

c) bringing d) to bringing

13. Can you recollect ................ her for the first time?

a) meeting b) meet

c) to meet d) to meeting

14. Would you dare ................ here again?

a) to come b) come

c) to coming d) coming

15. He has reported ...................... a white eagle.

a) seeing b) to see

c) to seeing d) see

16.  I dislike ...................... 

a) waiting b) to wait

c) to waiting d) wait

17. People need to adapt ...................... environmental conditions.

a) to changing b) to change

c) change d) changing

18. I am accustomed ...................... this dog in the park every day.

a) to see b) to seeing

c) seeing d) see

19. The twins had to adjust ...................... as singles.

a) to live b) live

c) to living d) to lived

20. I object ...................... plans at this late date.

a) change b) to change

c) changed d) to changing

ANSWERS:

1. b  2. d  3. b  4. b  5. b  6. b  7. b   8. a  9. b 10. b  11. b  12. c  13. a  14. a  15. a  16. a  

17.  a  18. b  19. c  20. d

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